OFFERING

OFFERING
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Ways to say it :

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ardi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rio?
* Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering :

* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering :

* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...

Asking for Information

Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

	We produce marketing materials.
	We specialize in art and design.

What are your major products?
What services do you provide?

	We produce office machines.
	We design software.
	We provide technical support.

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

	This is one of our top brands.
	It's our best selling refrigerator.
	This one is the best in its class.
	We're really pleased with its performance.
	It's an excellent computer.
	I highly recommend this one.
	This model comes with several features.
	This particular one has two components.

Information about Price What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

	This (one) sells for $5900.
	This one goes for $2900.
	This one is priced at $9695.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast.

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.

Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.

Example: She will tell you

She says (that) she doesn’t know.

She has just said

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Type	Form	Examples
Yes-No questions	Ask + if/whether + subject + verb Wonder etc.	“Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions	Ask + question word + subject + verb Wonder etc.	“What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching

PREPOSITION OF TIME : AT , IN , ON

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o’clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year’s Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year’s Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don’t usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He’s not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He’s coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We’ll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

FUTURE TENSE

FUTURE TENSE
This tense is used to express an action / condition / situation that will occurs in the future

example :

• your father will come tommorow
• evi will go to Palangka Raya with her family

the formula of future is :
without verb
positif :
S + will / shall + be + complement
we shall be on time

negatif :
S + Will / shall + not + be + complement
we shall not be on time

introgativ :
will / shall + S + be + Complement
shall we be on time ?

for with verb
Positife :
S + Will / shall + V1 + object / complement
they will kill ant

negatife :
S + will / shall + not + V1 + object/complement
they will not kill ant

introgative :
will / shall + s + V1 + object / complement
will they kill ant ?

will : all subject
shall : we and i

PASSIVE VVOICE

Passive voice
a passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action in the subject of a sentence . that's whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence . take a look at this passive repharasing of a familiar joke.

example passive voice :
tense : simple present
active : we take a cake
passive : a cake is taken by us

tense : simple past
active : we took a cake
passive : a cake was taken by us

tense : simple future
active : we will take a cake
passive : a cake will be taken by us

tense : present perfect
active : we has taken a cake
passive : a cake has been taken by us

when rewriting active sentence in the passive voice , note the following
* the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
* the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
* the object of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

AGENT
in passive voice clause , we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action , or that causes what happens . example

My sister makes sandwich every morning
* subject + Verb 1 + s/es + O + C

Sandwich is made by my sister every morning
* subject + tobe + V3 + agent + C

NARRATIVE TEXT

sekarang kita belajar tentang ssesuatu yang terjadi dimasa lampau , seperti cerita legenda , fabel dan sebagainya :

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction , non fiction , tales , folktales, fables, myths , epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.

Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.