MODAL IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example: Asrie : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Rolla : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem.

3. Should + Verb base

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty:

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25^th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example: David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests

Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Friends now , we will learn about DESCRIPTIVE TEXT .

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:

▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:

▪ Who? What?

▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪ Attributive (the)

▪ Use of attributive and identifying process

▪ Focus on specific participants

▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

My self

Hello my name is Rolla Oktavilla , i'm a girl with all my excess and my insuffiency . i live in Bangas Permai Street blok I no.62 . i'm the first daughter of my parents . now i'm 15 years old , i born on Palangkaraya at 8 October 1994.

I'm school in SHS 2 Palangkaraya . now in fiirst class of SHS .
i'm a strong girl , i don't wanna be weak girl . i'm a good girl , fiendly , and i love about blue . everyday i go to school by motorcycle . i want to be a doctor , because that is my dream from last . and i will try and study to can reach for my dream .

INVITATION II

Next , kita masuk ke Invitation , pasti udah pada taukan apa itu invitation ? ya , invitation itu sebuat undangan atau ajakan oleh seseorang . dan ini contohnya :)

To invite someone

• ¨ I would like you to …
• ¨ We would be pleased if you could …
• ¨ Would you like to …?
• ¨ Shall we …?
• ¨ How about …?

To accept an invitation

• ¨ Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
• ¨ Yes, I would. Thanks.
• ¨ That would be very nice. Thank you.
• ¨ All right!
• ¨ O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation

• ¨ I would love to, but …
• ¨ That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
• ¨ That’s very kind of you, but …
• ¨ Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

SURPRISE AND DISBELIEVE

Now , we learn about surprise and disbelief

To express surprise or disbelief:

• What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious? You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say … surprises me.
• I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise:

A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing surprise:

A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

• • Do you know what?
• • Believe it or not?
• • You may not believe it, but …
• • Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:

• • Really?
• • Are you joking?
• • Oh?
• • Where? Show me.

CONGROTULATION , COMPLIMENT , GRATITUDE.

hello guy , this is second e-primbon . i hope this will give more information for you all.

Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:

• Congratulation ] is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating:

· Congratulations!

· Congratulations on your success!

· Happy birthday!

· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!

· Merry Christmas!

· Happy New Year!

· Happy Valentine!

· Happy anniversary!

• Compliment ] is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

Ø on his/her general appearance

Ø if you notice something new about the person’s appearance

Ø when you visit someone’s house for the first time

Ø when other people do their best

Complimenting:

· What a nice dress!

· You look great.

· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

· I really must express my admiration for your dance.

· Good grades!

· Excellent!

· Nice work!

· Good job!

• Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking:

· Thank you very much

· Thank you for your help

· I’m really very grateful to you

· You’re welcome

· Don’t mention it

· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure

· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

· I am grateful to your help

GIVING INSTRUCTION

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in other that order person does what we instruct or request .
Example giving instruction :

• open your book please !
• close the window please !
• silent please !
• take the book please !
• give me an example please !

SYMPATHY EXPRESSION

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition .By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other peoples condition.
we express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service , email , television , radio , and newspaper .
example :

• i'm sorry to hear that .
• oh how awfull !
• Oh , dear!
• how pity you are !